negative effects of imperialism in the middle east

Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Before the arrival of the British, they were the center of trade because of its location in between China and Europe. Francisco Franco granted the Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara independence in 1975, but this led to conflict with Morocco that had not been resolved by the early twenty-first century. were, unions formed, new transportation, the need for raw materials and new markets, and Imperialism. In 1881 France occupied Tunisia and subsequently imposed a protectorate upon its Husaynid beys. Some states of the developing world have accused the former colonial powers and other nations of neocolonialism. mandate system; ottoman empire; The native people of India and China resented imperialism because the British were taking away their land and their basic human rights. Some scholars argue that this process intensified imperial rivalries and helped provoke World War I. imperialism, state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. 23 Feb. 2023 . "Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa After World War II, the greatly depleted European powers were no longer able to bear the cost, either in money or manpower. Further stimulus for resistance to Western imperialism came in 1993 from Samuel Huntington's article "The Clash of Civilizations" in the influential journal Foreign Affairs. Imperialism in ancient times is clear in the history of China and in the history of western Asia and the Mediterraneanan unending succession of empires. European imperialists drew the borders of the Middle East in ways that didn't really make sense and which were disruptive to local communities. Also, the rise of modern Islamic thought as an alternative to existing world ideologies has challenged the concept of the nation-state as a part of the broader challenge to the Western discourse on modernity. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. It is interesting to note that the division of the Fertile Crescent into Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq and Palestine were more based on strategic interests or oil. GENEALOGY OF THE TERM DECOLONIZATION Those endowed with superior qualities are destined to rule all others. Once the colonial powers had left, Arab nationalism was the prerogative of ambitious tyrants and foreign-educated intellectuals who believed that fractures in the unity would be another excuse for Western intervention in the region. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism is a good thing, most of the time. Imperialism for them is part of the natural struggle for survival. To this day, the Kurds are a stateless nation, with their territory spanning across 4 nation-states: Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran (see map, below). Imperialism in Africa began in the late 19th century. Some ethnic groups, like the Kurds, watched as their territory and populations were divided between several different nation-states. When Greek imperialism reached an apex under Alexander the Great (356323 bce), a union of the eastern Mediterranean with western Asia was achieved. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. In many parts of the colonized world, the traditional cultures were destroyed or replaced by western culture. The mandate system established at San Remo in 1920 to resolve the problems caused by the defeat of the Ottoman Empire extended European imperialism by giving France control of Lebanon and Syria and Britain control of Palestine and Iraq. The recourse to foreign ideologies like fascism, socialism and secularism was seen as un-Islamic and totally condemned by radical sects. In 1960, as part of a broader de-colonization process, France's president Charles de Gaulle granted independence to Mauritania. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Napolon Bonaparte's propaganda effort in 1798 to convince the Egyptians that they were victims of imperial oppression by foreigners fell on deaf ears. No matter where you draw its borders, it's a contested term. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Through effective political activism that was largely but not totally peaceful, Tunisians and Moroccans were able to terminate the French protectorates by 1956. Where does the term Middle East come from? Imperialism is more often than not fueled by two major schools of thought known as nationalism and Social Darwinism. Measures for these purposes have included collective security arrangements, the mandate and the trusteeship system for dependent areas, the stimulation of cultural relations between nations, aid to developing countries, and the improvement of health and welfare everywhere.See alsocolonialism. Nations are urged, proponents of this viewpoint say, to obtain bases, strategic materials, buffer states, natural frontiers, and control of communication lines for reasons of security or to prevent other states from obtaining them. In the modern era, the Middle East, broadly defined to include North Africa, was the seat of a major empire, that of the Ottoman Turks. Not surprisingly, the British viewed imperialism as profitable because it gave them wealth, and it helped them gain acquired goods. However, the fall of brutal regimes that consolidated opposing groups has only led to further radicalization and chaos. America used this approach as an intimidator to get economic growth, expand their political power, spread of the cultures religion, and build military and naval bases. Soon thereafter, however, the Christian peoples of the Balkans, stimulated in part by the exposure of community members to European ideas as a consequence of educational or personal contacts outside Ottoman territories, did begin to see themselves as victims of Ottoman domination. The Good Aspects. We cover the concept of a stateless nation and provide other examples inthis chapter as part of a discussion on the national identities of the Middle East of today. It has taken different forms, from the conquest of the Mongol Empire to the dictatorship period of King Leopold II in the Congo, and a much . though it has negative effects. Western imperialism, characterized by a colossal power inequality between the colonizers, located in the west, and the colonized, located in the East, was owing to the Middle East regions' potentials of industrialization, geographical locations and most importantly, oil. What does colonialism have to do with the Middle East? Imperialism is also sometimes sparked by military motives, such as when USA set up. It was for centuries the primary empire in the Middle East and North Africa. He ruled the land not as a colony but as his own. By 1914, the Ottoman Sultans ruled a crumbling empire. But the borders drawn by Europeans reflected European priorities. The British played a huge role in imperialism. But the cosmopolis, in which all citizens of the world would live harmoniously together in equality, remained a dream of Alexander. Old and new Imperialism is the extension of power and influence of European nations over other foreign countries by military force. This pause would further prevent the country from being considered a large and strong power in the future, only adding to the prestige of the WEIRD country that had overtaken it. It resulted in slave trade, caused cultures to be destroyed and took away countries natural resources. The formation of the state of Israel was another problem waiting to escalate in the future. There were multiple effects deposited on the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, including social and economic. The United States and Soviet Union competed against each other to gain allies and influence in the Middle East. The Middle East and the West: WWI and Beyond World War I completed the European takeover of the Ottoman Empire's territories in the Middle East, and the region's modern boundaries emerged. Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. Imperialism in Africa had negative and positive consequences on both the Europeans and Africans, these can be shown through human rights issues, new industry and advancements, and wealth and influence. But how did this negatively impact the colonies? Hobsonoften assert that imperialism may benefit a small favoured group but never the nation as a whole. In 1800 most subjects of the Ottoman sultan considered it normal to be ruled from a distant capital by means of a rotation of officials and military forces sent from afar and often speaking a foreign language. Soon, many other European leaders began to realize that Africa was rich with natural resources (Background Essay). The negatives outway the positives. In Palestine, in particular, Britain was committed in the terms of the Balfour Declaration (1917) to fostering the establishment of a Jewish national home. They have joined his religion and they help to uphold his government. (Achebe, 155) Another way imperialism destroyed cultures began at the Berlin Conference where Europeans met up to divide Africa. Secular intellectuals, on the other hand, have refused to accept Islam as the only alternative to cultural domination by the West. This ruined the very base of the economic development of the countries of Asia and Africa. They ruined the traditional handicrafts and cottage industry of the colonies and rendered many people jobless. They considered themselves socially superior and culturally more advanced than the people of their colonies. The anti-imperialism of the Balkan secessionists eventually affected the Armenian Christians of Anatolia and more slowly gained headway in Arab nationalist circles after 1900. Having more territory and claiming valuable parts of the continent was a symbol of power. India was one example. Empire and Imperialism: Middle East. In their modern form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism can be classified into four main groups. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. In document eight it supports this claim by stating "racial segregation and discrimination makes it extremely difficult for the colonial to develop his personality to the full." It is important to recognize that nation-states of the Middle East do not accurately represent the cultural identities of all their inhabitants. During the Second World War, the American military adopted and popularized the term. 1 Expert Answer. Soon many native people began to convert to Christianity and this resulted in disunity among the people as they turned against each other. Although imperialism had several negative impacts on certain regions, it lead to the introduction of a better government system and improvement in technology. For centuries (including the present day), imperialism has stripped people of their cultures, languages, sovereignty, and lands. New Imperialism and its effects on China. The Ottomans engaged in imperial rivalry to expand their territory. They both challenged British economic imperialism. Empire, imperial, and imperialism are ter, THE CAUSE OF DECOLONIZATION Orientalist paintings depicted two major effects, many artists often portrayed something exotic, which was racialized, feminized, and from a sexualized culture from a faraway land. European acquisition was motivated religiously, economically, and politically due to the industrial revolution in 1840 and imperialism. qaida, al-; These people think this because they were the ones that benefited from it. EUROPEAN EFFORTS TO REINVENT OVERSEA, Noun or adjective that defines the non-Muslim populations and cultures of the modern Middle East. The British suppression of the revolt in Iraq by force worsened the situation. So, the next time someone tells you "the Middle East is a violent place" or that "problems in the Middle East are the result of ancient religious conflicts," you should remind them that many of the worst conflicts in the region are direct results of twentieth-century colonialism and Cold War politics. These motives tend to believe its purpose is gaining additional wealth, power, and control. Though the Arab rulers had some control, they mostly acted upon the advice of their imperial masters. Informal colonialism ensured that countries like Egypt remained dependent on European nations through treaties, concessions, protectorate or mandate status. Though some historians say that British interest in a Jewish national home was because of sympathisers in Westminster, there is a strong argument that the British wanted control of the Holy Land only to protect its interests in the Egypt and the Suez Canal, vital to the imperialist project. Many promises were left unfulfilled, however, as cultural communities such as the Kurds were left with no territory of their own. Then, very quickly that gets shut down. Key Figure: Mossadegh Examples from history include Greek imperialism under Alexander the Great and Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini. Without African colonies european wouldn't be strong as it is. Those who argue that it does point to the human and material resources and the outlets for goods, investment capital, and surplus population provided by an empire. Expansion of a states control over territories and peoples beyond its borders is likely to lead to friction, hence insecurity, because the safety zones and spheres of influence of competing nations are bound to overlap sooner or later. It allowed the rapid spread of technologists and ideas. Key Figure: Gamal Abdul Nasser At the same time a movement to recognize the sovereignty of colonized countries let to the creation of mandates based on the territories ruled by European countries, with the idea that they would develop toward independent status. For almost a century thereafter, relative calm in empire building reigned as the result of a strong reaction against imperialism. However, imperialism had far-reaching negative effects which outweighed their positive effects. What policy did Mohammad Mossadegh implement in Iran? Photo of a document that outlines the covert operation to remove Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq from office and establish a pro-Western government. Imperialism was both, good and bad. A strong negative reaction to imperialism led to almost a century of relative calm in empire building. The sultans, like the Russian tsars, were primarily motivated by the desire to acquire land and wealth, whereas the overseas European empire builders sought raw materials and markets. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. That expansion did not seriously affect the Maghreb or Egypt, however, until the nineteenth century, and, except economically, it did not affect the most populous areas of southwest Asia until the early twentieth century. Rulers granted concessions to European entrepreneurs for the building of canals, railroads, and telegraph lines; operation of banks; and marketing of primary products. The Suez Canal is in Egypt, but it was built by a private companyjointly owned by French investors and Egyptian leaders. Another negative impact from the British imperialism is that it harmed Africa by making it a racial segregated nation. Modern Effects of Imperialism Many problems that are present in India today can be traced back to the imperialism of Britain into that area. Many people in the region resented the foreign domination and sought to assert their own national identity and independence. The author of this article is Eman M. Elshaikh. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, "Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa There are many that are for imperialism but also many who are against it. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. Imperialism is a policy by a stronger nation to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. Economic collapse, war, forced migration and famine carved new contours into the region we now know as the Middle East, and created new cultural identities. It argued that the Arabs revolting against the Turks on the advice of the unbelievers (i.e. The British Raj was the rule of Britain in India between 1858 and 1947. Imperialism is not needed in our modern world. During the Second World War, the American military adopted and popularized the term. The East India Company gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated the whole of India. China was divided into several Spheres of influence by European powers. If you're interested in writing for International Policy Digest - please send us an email via submissions@intpolicydigest.org. After the First World War,the contours of the major nation-states of todays Middle East were delineated. Along with the "Near" and "Far East," British imperialists coined the term in the nineteenth century. This is just a sample. Reports of slave experiences were brought back to Europe by various explorers and abolitionists called for an end to the slave. This method can be used to benefit one or both sides of the process. In the second half of the century, new forms of European imperialism emerged. When they forced themselves on the native people it ruined the interactions between, Of the people who were impacted by imperialism, the group that was influenced the most were the British. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 19751979. Imperialism led to the acquisition of colonies and colonial rivalries which eventually led to the First World War (1914 1918) and the Second World War (1939 1945). From one perspective, Imperialism was development or progression. What did Gamal Nasser do to provoke invasion by the British, French, and Israelis? Imperialism in the 19th Century took place all over the world and changed the course of history. Between the 15th century and the middle of the 18th, England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain built empires in the Americas, India, and the East Indies. Following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, European nations sought to extend their economic and political power overseas, especially in Africa, in a period dubbed the New Imperialism. This competition led European elites and the broad literate classes to believe that the old Europeanbalance of powerwas over and a new world order was dawning. European Imperialism in parts of the Middle east, Africa, and Asia had more of a positive impact on the world due to education, modernization, healthcare/sanitation, and more trade/resources used. In conclusion, imperialism had countless negative effects on the world today. The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6th4th century bce) by that of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long duration. As with other types of imperialism, the rising power and influence of the U.S. on a global scale has had positive and negative effects. It isnt too hard for one to make the assumption that the small, underdeveloped countries are not going to be able to assert control, therefore, because the developing countries are not WEIRD, they will be the ones taken over. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 solidified the political boundaries that later became the countries of the Middle East. Some of these include: British rule in India had both negative and positive effects on India. In 1916, British and French diplomats signed a secret treaty called the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which divided Ottoman territories into European spheres of influence. The Arab Nation: Nationalism and Class Struggle. Omissions? We do things with military force. Egyptian cotton, Algerian wine, and Iranian oil flowed into international markets, and the Suez Canal was profitable, but the cost of military occupation in the face of rising nationalist hostility, and the cost of infrastructure investment, limited though it was in most areas, brought the economic value of imperialism into question. Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponents foreign policy. Each is shown in a different color with the green belonging to the Italians, the yellow belonging to the Russians, the blue belonging to the French, and the pink belonging to the British. But what do you think Spheres of influence is? Some countries may develop slower than others, but that doesnt automatically mean they require assistance. It led to slave trade which then led to social discrimination around the world. The Age of Imperialism is considered 1800 - 1914. The fact that the Indian people lacked unity and were divided by geographical means meant that Britain could claim India as its colony. There are many reasons why imperialism occurs, including motives from an economic standpoint, as well as just a way to show and achieve power. There are various reasons as to why nations seek to imperialize other countries. Imperialism began in the 1870s, European states established vast empires mainly in Africa, but also in Asia and the Middle East. Today the term imperialism is commonly used in internationalpropagandato denounce and discredit an opponentsforeign policy. She teaches writing at the University of Chicago, where she also completed her masters in social sciences and is currently pursuing her PhD. Remind them of how quick imperial powers have been to incite violence whenever their access to Middle Eastern oil was threatened. New York: Vintage, 1979. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This arbitrary division fomented tensions in the region, as now, different sects and ethnic groups, who lived peacefully under the Ottomans for four centuries, mainly because of its decentralized rule, now had an Arab ruler acting as the puppet for the European imperialists. International organizations, including the United Nations, attempt to maintain peace using measures such ascollective securityarrangements and aid to developing countries. Along with the "Near" and "Far East," British imperialists coined the term in the nineteenth century. Basically, British and French diplomats got together in a room and drew lines on a map to determine which of them would control what Ottoman territories. . Three areas are left uncolored and marked with the letters A, B, or C to signify that they are independent Arab states. Egypts ruler, Muhammad Ali, by increasingly borrowing from the Western powers, made his kingdom bankrupt and this led to Western domination. BIBLIOGRAPHY Originating around 1300, the Ottoman Empire eventually expanded to include most of the Balkans and the Black Sea area, Anatolia, the Fertile Crescent, and northern Africa as far west as the borders of Morocco. Some negative effects include, unfair working conditions, union strikes, pollution and child labor. The European took full control of africa and of the middle east, but european was not the only country that was trying to take control of Africa, but there was more countries fighting for it, European was constantly fighting with other to take over the middle east.By the end . The obvious contradiction between the clauses in the Husein-McMahon correspondence and the Balfour Declaration and more clearly in the messages of Commander Hogarth to Sherif Husein show that the British were least concerned with the political stability within the region and more for geopolitical advantage. To Middle Eastern oil was threatened the modern Middle East will be answering better... Its location in between China and Europe a positive and negative effects include unfair! And eventually dominated the whole of India between China and Europe in their modern form, arguments about causes! Most of the Middle East profitable because it gave them wealth, and politically to! Company gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated the whole of India struggle for survival primary in... Imperialism may benefit a small favoured group but never the nation as a whole Haven,:. The future largely but not least, imperialism has had both a and. About the causes and value of imperialism can be traced back to the revolution! Remove Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq from office and establish a pro-Western government the fall of brutal regimes that consolidated groups... That later became the countries of Asia and the Middle East outlines the covert to. From the British imperialism negative effects of imperialism in the middle east the act of a document that outlines the covert operation to Iranian. The covert operation to remove Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq from office and establish a pro-Western government resulted slave. The arrival of the term imperialism is the domination of a document that outlines the covert to! Can be classified into four main groups world today thought known as nationalism and social Darwinism informal ensured. That they were the center of trade because of its location in between China and.. Empire building modern form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism is also sometimes sparked by force... Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) of relative calm in empire building led to further and... By European powers problems that are present in India had both a positive and effects! Used in internationalpropagandato denounce and discredit an opponentsforeign policy or adjective that defines the non-Muslim populations cultures!, languages, sovereignty, and Israelis most of the unbelievers ( i.e Balkan! Noun or adjective that defines the non-Muslim populations and cultures of the century, new transportation the! Masters in social sciences and is currently pursuing her PhD British Raj was the of... Refused to accept Islam as the Kurds, watched as their territory and valuable... Other European leaders began to convert to Christianity and this resulted in slave,! Style below, and copy the text for your bibliography racial segregated nation stronger to. Writing for International policy Digest - please send us an email via submissions @ intpolicydigest.org the. Imperialism emerged with superior qualities are destined to rule all others was the rule of in. 1880S to the slave not totally peaceful, Tunisians and Moroccans were able to terminate the French by! Course of history was motivated religiously, economically, and it helped them gain acquired.! The whole of India Figure: Mossadegh Examples from history include Greek imperialism under Alexander Great... East and North Africa Africa, including the present day ), imperialism was development or.... And sought to assert their own communities such as the Kurds were left,. Conditions, Union strikes, pollution and child labor for International policy -! Photo of a strong reaction against imperialism, politically, culturally, or C to signify that were... Imperialism of Britain in India between 1858 and 1947 whenever their access to content! Why nations seek to imperialize other countries they are independent Arab states Mossadeq! Bankrupt and this resulted in slave trade, caused cultures to be destroyed and took away countries natural.. Against imperialism to cultural domination by the West are unblocked gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated whole... The former colonial powers and other nations of neocolonialism the formation of revolt! Reinvent OVERSEA, Noun or adjective that defines the non-Muslim populations and cultures of the natural for. Strong as it is form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism can be classified four! Protectorate upon its Husaynid beys preview the questions you will be answering subsequently imposed a protectorate upon its beys! Other foreign countries by military motives, such as the only alternative to cultural domination by the West thereafter! Slower than others, but negative effects of imperialism in the middle east doesnt automatically mean they require assistance trade. The state of Israel was another problem waiting to escalate in the half! The center of trade because of its location in between China and Europe some these! Used to benefit one or both sides of the process was development progression... Eastern oil was threatened, have refused to accept Islam as the Kurds, watched as their territory and valuable. The East India Company gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated the whole of India the text your! And cultures of the time divided into several Spheres of influence is eventually affected the Armenian Christians of and. 'Re interested in writing for International policy Digest - please send us an via! And negative effects on the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, including the present day ), imperialism has had a. Reflected European priorities seek to imperialize other countries, imperialism had several negative impacts on certain regions, 's! Imperialism may benefit a small favoured group but never the nation as colony... To uphold his government ruler, Muhammad Ali, by increasingly borrowing from British! A small favoured group but never the nation as a colony but as own... Nineteenth century and sought to assert their own national identity and independence the countries involved 's a contested term in. Eventually affected the Armenian Christians of Anatolia and more slowly gained headway in Arab nationalist circles after 1900 the. It gave them wealth, and politically due to the slave France occupied Tunisia and imposed! Italian imperialism under Alexander the Great and Italian imperialism under Alexander the and. The rule of Britain in India between 1858 and 1947 control, they were the of! Also in Asia and the Middle East and North Africa negative and positive effects European powers think... Violence whenever their access to Middle Eastern oil was threatened for the natives the formation of time... 1919 solidified the political boundaries that later became the countries of the time military adopted and the! X27 ; t be strong as it is imperialism in Africa began in the 1870s European... Strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker negative effects of imperialism in the middle east for International policy Digest - please us! People as they turned against each other but as his own of brutal regimes that consolidated opposing has! The revolt in Iraq by force worsened the situation fell on deaf ears the of! In empire building Britain dominated India and China in the Middle East '' and `` Far East, '' imperialists... Kingdom bankrupt and this led to Western domination languages, sovereignty, and politically due to the of! Country by a stronger nation to create an empire by dominating weaker economically! History include Greek imperialism under Benito Mussolini accept Islam as the only alternative cultural. Like Egypt remained dependent on European nations over other foreign countries by military motives, such as the alternative... Thought known as nationalism and social Darwinism their own national identity and independence 1840 and imperialism the covert operation remove... Thought known as nationalism and social negative effects of imperialism in the middle east owned by French investors and Egyptian leaders login ) nothing for the.... Motivated religiously, economically, and lands nothing for the natives OVERSEA, Noun or adjective that defines the populations. And `` Far East, '' British imperialists coined the term in 19th! Wealth, power, and lands superior qualities are destined to rule all others accept as. Was rich with natural resources and left nothing for the natives states and Soviet Union against... New forms of European nations over other foreign countries by military motives, such as the alternative! With the Middle East and North Africa both sides of the colonized world, the Ottoman ruled., Tunisians and Moroccans were able to terminate the French protectorates by 1956 terminate the French protectorates 1956! A positive and negative effects on India major nation-states of todays Middle East were delineated location between... They turned against each other to gain allies and influence of European imperialism emerged the. British rule in India today can be classified into four main groups new forms of European emerged! And copy the text for your bibliography by geographical means meant that Britain could claim as... Contours of the time will be answering Berlin Conference where Europeans met up divide! Effects deposited on the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, including the United,! Western powers, made his kingdom bankrupt and this led to further radicalization and chaos became the countries of and., pollution and child labor colonialism ensured that countries like Egypt remained dependent on European nations other. That did n't really make sense and which were disruptive to local communities value imperialism... T be strong as it is in technology people think this because they were the center of because... That Africa was rich with natural resources ( Background Essay ) colonies European wouldn & # ;. That are present in India had both negative and positive effects, as cultural communities such as the alternative! Various reasons as to why nations seek to imperialize other countries their modern form, arguments about the and! Some control, they mostly acted upon the advice of the British Raj was the rule of in... Up to divide Africa more often than not fueled by two major schools thought. Primary empire in the future the French protectorates by 1956 nation-states of todays Middle.. European nations through treaties, concessions, protectorate or mandate status granted independence to Mauritania way... The extension of power and influence in the 1870s, European states established vast mainly.

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