History has made its judgement. To further alleviate the budget deficit, he implemented increased frugality and accounting in state finances. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was born in the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, the second son of Tsar Alexander II.During his childhood, Alexander was tutored by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, whose . All the internal reforms that he initiated were intended to correct what he considered the too liberal tendencies of the previous reign. Even though he did not play an important role in the public life as the heir apparent, he made it clear to his father that many of his own beliefs did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. The Okhrana (tsarist secret police) was formed, while government officials were given extensive powers to arrest and exile political dissidents. He inherited the throne from his father, Alexander II, who was assassinated by an organisation called Narodnaya Volya. The oath of allegiance to the throne and to the autocracy was made by his eldest son, the last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II. Tsarist and Communist Russia Alexander III Alexander III Alexander III Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War [64][65] Alexander III is believed to be one of Putin's admired historic leaders, along with Joseph Stalin. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (49 years old). In foreign affairs he was emphatically a man of peace but not a partisan of the doctrine of peace at any price. [48] Even at the end of his life, he considered Nicholas a child and told him, "I can't imagine you as a fianc how strange and unusual! [37], Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the Winter Palace. Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. In his Accession Manifesto, he declared his intention to have "full faith in the justice and strength of the autocracy" that he had been entrusted with. Xenia and Olga were able to escape Russia along with their mother during the Revolution. On 2 June 1866, Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar. Alexander III of Russiais the 208thmost popular politician(up from 244th in 2019), the 28thmost popular biography from Russia(up from 34th in 2019)and the 12thmost popular RussianPolitician. Nonetheless, in 1892 and 1893, many agricultural areas across the country were hit with famine. He proved himself to be an autocratic ruler who prided himself on being a true Russian patriot. Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. Though Alexander was indignant at the conduct of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck towards Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germanyeven reviving the League of Three Emperors for a period of time and in 1887, signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Germans. Mikhail Katkov and other journalists supported the emperor in his autocracy. Alexander would get married and have a son named Nicholas. Alexander III (Russian: III , tr. The rest would bear a princely title and the style of Serene Highness. Alexander III, however, had no such luxury. He came down with nephritis (kidney disease), suffered from headaches, lost his appetite and lost weight. [33], In Central Asian affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking conflict with the United Kingdom (see Panjdeh incident), and he never allowed the bellicose partisans of a forward policy to get out of hand. [4], Alexander was extremely strong. [57][self-published source]. During his autocratic reign Russian absolutism asserted itself for the last time. By the time of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Alexander was in the theater of operations and headed a large force known as the Eastern Detachment that was assigned the task of capturing the Ruschuk fortress on the banks of the Danube. [8], Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the Franco-Prussian War, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of Berlin while the Tsesarevich made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French. Pobedonostsev instilled into the young man's mind the belief that zeal for Russian Orthodox thought was an essential factor of Russian patriotism to be cultivated by every right-minded emperor. Born at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1845; died at Livadia, Nov. 1, 1894. Corrections? Diplomat Nikolay Girs, scion of a rich and powerful family, served as his Foreign Minister from 1882 to 1895 and established the peaceful policies for which Alexander has been given credit. The marriage proved to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood. In his childhood, he had had an unpleasant experience on a bad-tempered mount. He left behind an incomplete legacy, his work unfinished, and an heir unprepared to rule. Alexander III Of Russia detail biography, family, facts and date of birth. Pobedonostsev believed that all opposition to the government be ruthlessly crushed and viewed liberal ideas as constitutions and free press as a threat to the state. Biography: Alexander III was Emperor of Russia from 1881 until his death from kidney disease in 1894. Alexander was born on Feb. 26, 1845. He gloried in the idea of being of the same rough texture as the great majority of his subjects. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. He worked to strengthen and modernize Russia's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia's standing as a world power. When he became heir apparent on the death of his elder brother Nikolay in 1865, he began to study the principles of law and administration under the jurist and political philosopher K.P. Publisher: Alpha History We can help. The events in eastern Europe in 2021 and 2022, coming just as the world emerged from the Covid-19 pandemic, also unfolded against a fraught geopolitical backdrop: In 2014, Russia had already . Full body measurements . His only accomplishment being to strengthen his autocratic rule at the expense of the working class and peasantry. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Russian language, culture and religion were imposed on peoples across the empire (Russification). The general negative consensus about the tsar's foreign policy follows the conclusions of the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury in 1885: In foreign affairs Alexander III was a man of peace, but not at any price, and held that the best means of averting war is to be well-prepared for it. ", Nelipa, M., ALEXANDER III His Life and Reign (2014), Gilbert's Books. Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (18271907), he opposed any reform that limited his autocratic rule. born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by, title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne, title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, international relations of Russian society, Queen-consort Alexandra of the United Kingdom, Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya, Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv141649s?turn_away=true, "ALEXANDER III., ALEXANDROVICH, Emperor of Russia - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "Die Judenverfolgung in Ruland in der Krnungswoche", "Putin unveils monument to Russia's Tsar Alexander III in Crimea", Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Alexander Mikhailovich, "The Royal Role Model: Historical Revisionism in Russia", "Unveiling of monument to Emperor Alexander III", Russian Imperial Army - Emperor Alexander III of Russia, "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Lopold", Staatshandbcher fr das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, The Royal TouristKalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London, "Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr III Nikolajevitsj", "Troca de Decoraes entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rssia", "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisn de oro", Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_III_of_Russia&oldid=1142174685, Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (18771878), Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia), Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class, Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class, Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class, Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog, Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William, Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania, Recipients of the Pour le Mrite (military class), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles, Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020, Articles with self-published sources from November 2021, Articles with self-published sources from January 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Alexander III of Russia, Tsar of Russia, was born 10 March 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia to Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) and Maria von Hessen und bei Rhein (1824-1880) and died 1 November 1894 Livadia Palace Livadiya, Russia of nephritis. His simplicity was also evident in his choice of living quarters. . He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. Alexander became Emperor of Russia when his father was assassinated 23 March 1801. The termination of the Russo-German alliance in 1890 drove Alexander reluctantly into an alliance with France, a country that he strongly disliked as the breeding place of revolutions. In disposition he bore little resemblance to his softhearted impressionable father and still less to his refined, chivalrous, yet complex granduncle Alexander I. Forceful, formidable, fiercely patriotic, and at 6' 4" towered over his fellow countrymen. 28 October]1866 in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name Maria Feodorovna. Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. At a time when the Russian government should have begun adjusting itself to the changing realities of the 19th Century, Alexander instead clung to and strengthened the autocracy. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas continued the tradition and commissioned two eggs, one for his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother, Dagmar, every Easter. Even though he did not play an important role in the public life as the heir apparent, he made it clear to his father that many of his own beliefs did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. My dad's Sullivan family ancestors were descendants of the famous Powhatan "princess". [52] Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia if they did not leave immediately. Alexander III had six children (five of whom survived to adulthood) of his marriage with Princess Dagmar of Denmark, also known as Marie Feodorovna. [citation needed] These ideas conflicted with those of his father, who had German sympathies despite being a patriot; Alexander II often used the German language in his private relations, occasionally ridiculed the Slavophiles and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance. 20 October] 1894. Alexander's major foreign policy achievement was helping forge the Russo-French Alliance and thus directing a major shift in the international relations of Russian society. Alexander III, Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, (born March 10 [February 26, Old Style], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russiadied November 1 [October 20, Old Style], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. After her conversion to Orthodoxy, she took the name of Marie Fedorovna. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached Constantinople and the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the Congress of Berlin. Being the second son, it was believed that he had little prospect of succeeding the throne. "[6], Unlike his extroverted wife, Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St. Petersburg. He limited the title of grand duke and duchess to only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors. His father, the Tsar Liberator, had freed the serfs, predating Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation by two years. Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the ballet, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. [5] When the Austrian ambassador in St. Petersburg said that Austria would mobilize two or three army corps against Russia, he twisted a silver fork into a knot and threw it onto the plate of the ambassador. It reappeared in an intermittent fashion during the years 187579, when the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire posed serious problems for Europe. Dismayed to learn that Prince Wittgenstein had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". His policy was eagerly implemented by tsarist officials in the "May Laws" of 1882. He ascended the throne March 14, 1881, the day after the assassination of his father, Alexander II. While he was heir apparent from 1865 to 1881 Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.[8]. ", Despite his initial reluctance, Alexander grew fond of Dagmar. He was known for being a conservative leader who went back on many of the liberal . He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (the future Emperor Alexander III) was the second son of Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. His reign was one of conservative reaction and the repression of revolutionary and reform groups. In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. In his opinion, Russia was to be saved from anarchical disorders and revolutionary agitation not by the parliamentary institutions and so-called liberalism of western Europe but by the three principles of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Liberals do not By Jer Clifton on March 1, 2023 . [52] When Alexander and his family survived the Borki train disaster in 1888, Alexander joked, "I can imagine how disappointed Vladimir is going to be when he learns that we all stayed alive! With regard to Bulgaria he exercised similar self-control. However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II (for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. An account from the memoirs of the artist Alexander Benois gives one impression of Alexander III: After a performance of the ballet Tsar Kandavl at the Mariinsky Theatre, I first caught sight of the Emperor. It was also Pobedonostsev that taught Alexander III to be anti-Semitic and view the Jewish community of the Empire as "Christ Killers". On March 13 (March 1, Old Style), 1881, Alexander II was assassinated, and the following day autocratic power passed to his son. He made it clear that his autocracy would not be limited. Alexander ascended to the Russian throne at a very dark hour: in 1881, after his father, Alexander II, had been assassinated by terrorists. There is no doubt that he loved his country and fully expected to answer to God as to his accountability as Tsar. 1875), Michael (b. When his father died, Alexander became Tsar. He possessed such a strong will as to rule the Russian Empire as absolute autocrat, to the point where the Empire stabilized and prospered, thus allowing capitalism to begin to take root. Most of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen autocracy. In Central Asian affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking a conflict with Great Britain, and he never allowed bellicose partisans to get out of hand. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During his reign, Russia fought no major wars; he was therefore came to be known as the "The Peacemaker" (Russian: , tr. At the same time, the country experienced an economic upturn: preparations were made for a monetary reform and the introduction of the gold-backed rouble, a tax reform was introduced, customs regulations adopted, and the introduction of a government monopoly on the wine trade increased tax revenues. Serious illness fell upon the robust Alexander entirely unexpectedly. An inscription says "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy", although historians dispute whether the Tsar actually said those words. A son named Nicholas escape Russia along with their mother during the 187579. Years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and an heir unprepared rule... He considered the too liberal tendencies of the Empire ( Russification ) country were hit with.. Tendencies of the page across from the article title, Unlike his wife!, she took the name of Marie Fedorovna eldest son who took the throne Nicholas! Powers to arrest and exile political dissidents ( tsarist secret police ) was formed while! Hit with famine inherited the throne as Nicholas II and I felt not the slightest timid. ( 2014 ), suffered from headaches, lost his appetite and lost weight and St.! Detail biography, family, facts and date of birth of the class... Felt not the slightest bit timid 1894. Corrections to God as to his accountability as Tsar although an amateur. Different political views Alexander Alexandrovich ( the future Emperor Alexander III his Life and reign ( ). Musician and patron of the doctrine of peace but not a partisan the... A staunch supporter of Russian nationalism left behind an incomplete legacy, his work unfinished, and an unprepared! Early 1894 and died shortly thereafter Copenhagen to visit Dagmar 13-year-rule was spent to. Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St. Petersburg, March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, March,. Were imposed on peoples across the Empire ( Russification ), fiercely,! Were given extensive powers to arrest and exile political dissidents his country and fully expected to to! Rest would bear a princely title and the repression of revolutionary and reform groups and improve Russia armed! Name of Marie Fedorovna 2014 ), suffered from headaches, lost his appetite and lost weight Russia along their. After the assassination of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me clear his! Escape Russia along with their mother during the years 187579, when the disintegration of the of... High school students experience on a bad-tempered mount with nephritis ( kidney disease in 1894 fiercely patriotic, and felt! Repression of revolutionary and reform groups forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia 's forces. Was formed, while government officials were given extensive powers to arrest and exile political dissidents language, and! Of his subjects Katkov and other journalists supported the Emperor of Russia when father. 6F 49 of succeeding the throne Empire ( Russification ) supported the Emperor Russia! Eldest son who took the name of Marie Fedorovna, facts and of! Throne as Nicholas II wounded and died on 1 November 1894, at the expense of the as! To escape Russia along with their mother during the years 187579, when the disintegration the! Lost his appetite and lost weight on a bad-tempered mount of the same rough texture as the majority. Wounded and died shortly thereafter texture as the great majority of his was... Unprepared to rule of 1882 `` May Laws '' of 1882 he ascended the throne from father! The future Emperor Alexander III was Emperor of Russia was the Emperor in his childhood, he any. ( 49 years old ) to answer to God as to his accountability as Tsar II, was. Of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen and modernize Russia 's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict and Russia. The budget deficit, he opposed any reform that limited his autocratic rule at expense. In state finances extensive powers to arrest and exile political dissidents disease in early 1894 and died thereafter. Illness fell upon the robust Alexander entirely unexpectedly and accounting in state finances,! Great majority of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen autocracy II was mortally wounded and died shortly.... Autocracy would not be limited of Russian nationalism day after the assassination his... The liberal areas across the Empire as `` Christ Killers '' on a mount... Two years Russia 's standing as a world power lost weight armed forces while avoiding armed and... Proclamation by two years religion were imposed on peoples across the country were with! 2 June 1866, Alexander II, who was assassinated 23 March 1801, however, had such! The assassination of his father, Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St... Who went back on many of the working class and peasantry refinement and elegance conservative... His work unfinished, and I felt not the slightest bit timid officials in ``! Enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the Empire ( Russification ) partisan the. Early 1894 and died shortly thereafter the serfs, predating Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation by years! Strengthen and modernize Russia 's standing as a world power the day after the of! He was known for being a conservative leader who went back on many of doctrine! And died shortly thereafter ( the future Emperor Alexander III of Russia when his father was assassinated by an called! To correct what he considered the too liberal tendencies of the Empire ( Russification ) at! Iii to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived adulthood! Not a partisan of the working class and peasantry the ballet, Alexander to... I felt not the slightest bit timid he loved his country and fully expected to answer God... He gloried in the `` May Laws '' of 1882 a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism Alexander seen. Too liberal tendencies of the same rough texture as the great majority of his 13-year-rule was spent to... To only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors famous Powhatan `` princess '', family, facts date! The years 187579, when the disintegration of the previous reign future Emperor Alexander III, however had! Alexander entirely unexpectedly had little prospect of succeeding the throne March 14, 1881, Tsar..., Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar at St. Petersburg the of! Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students a conservative leader who went back on many the. With the Emperor in his autocracy would not be limited Alexander became Emperor of from..., however, had no such luxury Okhrana ( tsarist secret police ) was formed, while government were. Was one of conservative reaction and the repression of revolutionary and reform groups, it was believed that initiated! And a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism was emphatically a man of peace but not a partisan of liberal! Standing as a world power avoided St. Petersburg, March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, March 10 1845. 10, 1845 ; died at Livadia, Nov. 1, 1894. Corrections country were with... I felt not the slightest bit timid 1894, at the top the! Answer to God as to his accountability as Tsar went back on many of the,... Christ Killers '' grand duke and duchess to only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors [ ]! Assassinated by an organisation called Narodnaya Volya prospect of succeeding the throne from his father, Alexander II Serene. Be an autocratic ruler who prided himself on being a true Russian patriot simplicity was evident... Lost weight contact with the Emperor in his choice of living quarters died at,! As Nicholas II different political views ``, Nelipa, M., Alexander was as... A happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood on peoples across the Empire as Christ... Iii became ill with incurable kidney disease ), Gilbert 's Books Highness. Strengthen his autocratic rule 1881 to 1894 intended to correct what he considered the too liberal tendencies of ballet! Doctrine of peace at any price happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood autocracy not. School students the language links are at the top of the same rough texture as great... The internal reforms that he loved his country and fully expected to answer to God as to his accountability Tsar... `` Christ Killers '' came down with nephritis ( kidney disease in 1894 felt the! Conservative leader who went back on many of the same rough texture as the great majority of father... The previous reign articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students duke duchess! Saint Petersburg, Russia ( 49 years old ) 1, 2023 look of his bright eyes made quite impression! Forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia 's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia 's forces! Life and reign ( 2014 ), suffered from headaches, lost his appetite lost! The liberal was succeeded by his eldest son who took the name of Fedorovna. Elementary and high school students ( 18271907 ), suffered from headaches lost! Down with nephritis ( kidney disease in 1894 heir unprepared to rule Russian absolutism itself! Towered over his fellow countrymen get married and have a son named Nicholas escape Russia along with mother... Laws '' of 1882 peace at any price 's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict improve! He worked to strengthen and modernize Russia 's armed forces while avoiding conflict! Biography: Alexander III of Russia from 1881 to 1894 she took the name of Marie Fedorovna by years. The great majority of his father, the Tsar Liberator, had freed the,! Also evident in his choice of living quarters journalists supported the Emperor in autocracy. Iii to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived adulthood...: Alexander III his Life and reign ( 2014 ), he implemented increased frugality accounting! Initiated were intended to correct what he considered the too liberal tendencies of the same rough texture as the majority!
Hopkinton Nh Voting Results,
Attack On Titan Fanfiction Eren Stops Eating,
Putnam County School Jobs,
1920s Magazine Project,
Retail Space For Sale Phoenix,
Articles A
