[14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. Stateless Nation: A nation that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group which identifies with national identity is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content. For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to considerthemselves nations. At the same time, many of those, did notpossess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. Stateless nations are all over news headlines and occupy the minds of many due to the effect that they have on regions. Though they have some sovereignty over their territories, they are not separate countries, and thus can be considered stateless under the strictest definition of the term. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. For example, going off of the previous example of the Kurds, the geographic area of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and western Iran is the land that the Kurds believe belong to them, and is known as Kurdistan. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. A spike in the number of Haitian migrants has been seen as hundreds are arriving in the Florida Keys each week, making the perilous, 600-mile crossing on insanely overcrowded boats and further straining the ability of the U.S. Coast Guard to do its real . The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. What countries have stateless people? An estimated 10 to 15 million people worldwide are strangers in their own country. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. They are within the borders of another state, one that they believe they are so significantly different from as to warrant their state. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. Stateless nations are members of multinational states and guaranteed limited sovereignty; officially recognized by the government(s) of the country or countries in which they reside. Nor are most stateless people refugees. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that a third of all stateless people are children and more than 75 percent are members of a minority group. Use the ethnic group's name that a member of the ethnic group uses for their own group. See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. They are thus called stateless nations. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture which favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. As you can see, despite the fact that the concept of stateless nations is relatively not as important as compared to other concepts in geographic studies, it is a major key to understanding why the world is the way it is right now. There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state, [1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 by Great Britain as a Jewish state marginalized the Palestinian Muslim minority. You'll get your ancestral lands back, you can speak your language, write your own history books, make your own lawsbut there's a catch. Since Roma distrust government agencies and often keep their children out of state schools, many of them fled their home countries without official citizenship paperwork and identification. Some nations have a historical memory of having had their own states until they were invaded or partitioned, usually during a major war, and ended up losing their independence. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Dave Roos Kurdish responses included a violent insurgency, but in the 21st century, conditions for Kurds have improved somewhat. Because stateless people, like refugees, are vulnerable to serious human rights abuses, the UNHCR launched the #ibelong campaign in 2014 to eradicate statelessness in 10 years. SYRIA: In 1962, many Kurds in the . Everything you need for your studies in one place. Should be in parliament before the end of the year. - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. [22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. A "stateless nation" is a nation of people who self-identify as a common national group, but who do not have their own political state. Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. The Kurds are a famous example of a stateless nation; their territory is called "Kurdistan.". They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. A total of 5.5 million Palestinians are registered with the UNRWA and since Palestine is still not its own country, those 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless. Fig. Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 and the Golan Heights in 1981 led to the application of Israeli civil legislation in these occupied territories. Although the Palestinians are the majority in Jordan, the country was not created as a nation state for the Palestinians. D. contains countries whose economies complement one another. A multistate nation is a group of people with a shared ethnic or linguistic culture that resides in multiple states. Nearly 225,000 stateless people live in Latvia and 78,000 in Estonia, mainly ethnic Russians who have trouble obtaining citizenship and often face discrimination. 5. Papua New Guinea, Brazil, and numerous other countries are inventions of colonialism, so their nations have only recently become subject to a central government. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. It's a tough neighborhood: Kurds are spread across a region known as Kurdistan, comprising the highlands of northern Syria, eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and parts of Iran. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Starting in the 1980s, members of these groups were denied citizenship in a crackdown on illegal migrants in the region. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. Another . The first Roma migrated from Northern Indian between the 13th and 15th centuries, and the Romani language still shares many words in common with Hindi. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. Have all your study materials in one place. In a narrower sense, the term is limited to ethnic nations that have sought and been denied or not yet achieved statehood, or are discriminated against in the countries where they form minorities. Want to create or adapt books like this? Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. Nationalists in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as a threat to their local nationalism. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the world is host to 12 million people who don't officially belong to any state. You were forced from the land of your ancestors and have to move to a city; or maybe you were put in a "re-education" camp, had to flee the country altogether, or something even more terrible. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. [90][91], During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. Individuals or communities often possess legal land titles. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Part 4. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. "Nations" in the sense used in this article refers to groups that share a culture and have a governing structure; similar terms such as "tribe," "people," "Indigenous," "native people," "Aboriginal people," etc. As a result, these multinational states have a plethora of internal strife, and many of the nations in modern African states have almost no control over their internal affairs. The stateless Kurd population in Syria was estimated at 300,000 when the Syrian civil war began in 2011. Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. Untold numbers of Roma remain stateless in the Balkans and mainland Europe. Examples: Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and France. The rest are distributed in one or more states. You can say that superimposed boundaries by the European colonial powers, who arbitrarily created borders with utter disregard to existing nations in Africa, left many nations without a state. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). Sounds bad, right? National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32. [4], During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations. The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. 2 - A 2008 map shows territories with limited sovereignty granted to the Indigenous people of Brazil. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. Serious human rights violations are very detrimental to the parties or people concerned, there are several examples of categories of gross human rights violations, for example, murder, torture, enslavement and alienating certain people. Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states without being considered "stateless nations". (True or False) Most of the stateless nations of Mexico and Papua New Guinea are transborder stateless nations. It is the feeling that captures the spirits and emotions of individuals who are able to identify with a particular community or group much larger than themselves. At the same time, many of those did not possess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. Stateless nations experience conditions ranging from autonomy of some type (the "best case" short of independence, which they may or may not desire) to the worst cases of complete landlessness and even having to exist in hiding! The few "stateless" ethnic groups that exceed that figure - African Americans in the United States, for example, or the Tamils in India - make no widespread demands for independence. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. How to use stateless in a sentence. More than half live in Jordan, with a third living in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and 15 percent in Syria and Lebanon. Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) Nansen Refugee Award 2023 (US$ 150,000 Prize) Application Deadline: 17 March 2023. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the . The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend. statistical reporting table, to produce the "Total number of stateless people including displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar". The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. Middle East in the 1970s and 80s, Part 12. Countries such as Australia and Canada have similar systems. How many stateless nations are there? The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Stateless nations are ethnic groups that don't form a majority in any country. For example, when Nigeria became an independent state in 1960, all Nigerians living on the territory of Nigeria became members of the new nation regardless of ethnicity. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. Each year, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award recognizes several individuals, groups or organizations that have shown exceptional dedication in protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced or stateless people. If Kurdistan were its own country, it would extend across 193,000 square miles (500,000 square kilometers) currently within the borders of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northern Syria and northwestern Iran. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. And this is just another day in the life of a stateless nation. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). htm). As refugees in other countries, they may also be denied a path to citizenship. "State" refers to a governing structure with sovereignty over a geographical territory. The 1967 Six-Day War ended with Israel taking even more territory, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Also: 1: Palestine 2: US Native Indian nations 3: Canada First Nations 4: Canada Inuit [though they do have their own Province] 5: Tibet 6: East Turkestan/Xinjiang Uighurs 7: Kurdistan 8: Barotseland 9: Euskadi 10: Catalonia 11: Galicia Quickly review popular literary works like The Great Gatsby and more, See how scores on each section impacts your overall SAT score, See how scores on each section impacts your overall ACT score. Captive nations are trapped in highly discriminatory situations, still inhabiting ancestral homeland but bereft of many rights and legal protections. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). stateless people, people with 1 The term foundational learning in this document encompasses both basic . 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Keep reading to learn more about the terminology of a stateless nation, the significance, and more. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Your oppressor country is now claiming you are not an actual ethnic group, and you never had any real rights to the land. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[87] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. This factsheet should be read in conjunction with the following factsheets, also available on the Resource Hub on our website - 'The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons'; and Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. 54% of RWE's current power generation is coal-fired and the The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The Golden Triangle is home to highland tribal groups and ethnic militias that have battled at times with the Thai and Myanmar governments. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. Instead, the Kurdish population is spread across territory in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". They believe because they have a distinct culture, language, religion (or sect thereof) and have occupied a certain region of land for centuries, they are entitled to that particular piece of land. Examples of such stateless nation are Scotland, Hawaii, Taiwan, Tibet, and Chiapas. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. By this point, you should already be familiar with the term nation, and that it refers to a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory. The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. Regarding the AP Human Geography exam, you will most likely get a definition-type question related to this subject on the multiple-choice part of the exam. According to linguists, the language they speak is still called Pame. If not, please review these definitions in the AP Human Geography Study Guide as a strong understanding of these terms is crucial to being able to understand fully what a stateless nation is. [3] [4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied . Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. They practice Sunni Islam but are linguistically and culturally distinct from Turks and Arabs. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma B. had several forerunners. As such, the term expresses irredentism. Most recently, Kurdish moves for independent states in Syria and Iraq have been foiled, though they have gained substantial autonomy in Syria. Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, referred to the Kurds as mountain Turks. Kurdish attempts to achieve autonomy have been ruthlessly suppressed in all four Middle Eastern countries where they dwell. In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. Kurdish communities are commonly found across Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran and Armenia. A 2014 report by the United Nations Environment6 estimated that the total natural capital cost of plastic used in the consumer goods industry is over USD 75 billion per year. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. Create and find flashcards in record time. The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'cosse, une nation sans tat about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. [12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The importance of national consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Format:.doc, available for editing or False ) Most of the year Turks Arabs... To learn more about the terminology of a country ( e.g the creation of the state of Israel in by!, Turkey, Syria, Iran and Armenia members of these groups were citizenship! 2 - a 2008 map shows territories with limited sovereignty granted to the land was..., there are ethnic groups that don & # x27 ; t form a in... World and consistently make major headlines UNPO Unrepresented nations & amp ; Organisation! Routledge, 2007-12-18 perspectives and interests of the more powerful group kingdom from the to. 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