Although he is critical of Conrad's work, Achebe goes beyond Heart of Darkness as an individual case study, arguing that it is part of a broader colonial literary and cultural discourse. The characteristics of Indian literature include themes of religion, obedience and values, good deeds, poetic form, morality and bravery, family theatre and dance. The term recognises that the colonial past of a nation continues to impact its state.'. WebPostcolonialism is a term used to describe studies of cultures influenced by Britain or America after they gained their independence from the European colonial power. Now that we understand the meaning of and approaches to postcolonial literary theory let's take a look at its characteristics and themes. Corrections? What does postcolonial literary criticism entail? . Sign up to highlight and take notes. The most widely read post-colonial author is Chinua Achebe, who wrote Things Fall Apart. The other is anyone who is separate from ones self. Read this brief essay and see if you can pinpoint how the experience of the protagonist speaks to attitudes of colonizers and the colonized. Although there were (and are) many different kinds of imperialism and thus of decolonization, two of the most-important periods for those who study postcolonialism include the British disengagement from its second empire (of the 19th and 20th centuries) and the decolonization movements of the 1960s and 70s in Africa and elsewhere. False. Homi Bhabha's work, including The Location of Culture in1994, focuses on the politics, emotions, and values that exist in the space between the colonizer and the colonized. While many European nations such as Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and France had colonies in different parts of the world, Britain had one of the biggest colonial empires, and therefore, the history and impact of British colonialism are studied more widely. Three notable theorists who have contributed their interpretations to the postcolonial discourse are Edward Said, Chinua Achebe, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Many countries within these regions are LICs (low-income countries) due to their colonial past and mistreatment by the Global North (Europe and North America). Raising awareness about Black consciousness and protesting against French rule. The conditions attached for the ascription of rights, for example, or the distribution of liberties were often grounded in narratives of social or cultural development that justified denying rights and freedoms to those deemed too backward or uncivilized to exercise them properly. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. that the identity and existence of every culture relies on the existence of a different 'other' culture. Read the poem "Answer" and see what you think the message or theme might be. WebWhat are the characteristics of postcolonial literature? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. By 1914 84% of the globe was controlled by European nations. At that time indigenous peoples were denied even the modest gains extended by the United Nations and the international system of states to the various decolonized territories in the 1970s. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. WebPostcolonialism and Filipino Poetics is undoubtedly an important book not just in allowing the Philippine academy to contend with postcolonial theory on its own terms, but from a broader perspective, as a demonstration of how that theory can powerfully influence the literature and criticism of a former colony. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. The postcolonial condition or the consequences and impact of colonialism are present in postcolonial writing more often than not. Colonial literature refers to the literature that was written during the colonial period, before the decolonization. Appropriation of Colonial Languages. What are the characteristics of Indian Literature? Achebe argued that Conrad presented Africa as 'the other world', 'a foil to Europe'. Postcolonial theory is a body of thought primarily concerned with accounting for the political, aesthetic, economic, historical, and social impact of European colonial rule around the world in the 18th through the 20th century. Metanarrative. WebPostcolonial theory holds that decolonized people develop a postcolonial identity that is based on cultural interactions between different identities (cultural, national, and ethnic as well as gender and class based) which are assigned varying degrees of social power by the colonial society. An intersectional approach takes into account people's overlapping identities to understand the interconnected systems of oppression they face. Looking at works by authors from postcolonial countries with their colonial past and its consequences kept in mind. Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography(1966). Postcolonialism should not be confused with the claim that the world we live in now is actually devoid of colonialism. Postcolonialism refers to a time and mindset in the aftermath of colonialism. Which important text did Said publish in 1978? Give power to England in reforming the education of native Indians. . All rights reserved. This essay took an intersectional approach, considering both postcolonial and feminist theories by examining the presentation and representation of women in previously colonised countries. 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Ginna earned M.Ed. Said, then, could be considered the 'father' of post-colonialism. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. And that's because this work is a prime example of the way in which postcolonial authors "write back" to the empire, challenging its racist assumptions, its claims to cultural superiority, and its economic exploitation of the colonized. Achebe's work focused on the colonization of Nigeria, his homeland. Webperceived "marginal" and peripheral. However, this ancestral home is not a literal place which one can visit. True or false: by 1914 35% of the globe was controlled by European nations. In the lesson, you read something about Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, author of the novel Things Fall Apart. These misrepresentations infantilised the colonial subaltern, justifying the narrative that colonised peoples needed to be 'cared for' and 'civilised' by a paternal, colonial body. Subaltern is a term from postcolonial studies which refers to colonial populations ruled and controlled by an imperial body. 1952-1960: Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya postcolonialism, the historical period or state of affairs representing the aftermath of Western colonialism; the term can also be used to describe the concurrent project to reclaim and rethink the history and agency of people subordinated under various forms of imperialism. Postcolonialism signals a possible future of overcoming colonialism, yet new forms of domination or subordination can come in the wake of such changes, including new forms of global empire. 160 lessons. Deconstructionism in Literature: Theories & Examples | What is Deconstruction? The seminal work of C.L.R. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. J Daniel Elam, 'Postcolonial Theory', in Oxford Bibliographies, 2019. Cultural imperialism includes formal actions to oppress different cultural activities and social discourses which look down on different cultures and classify them as 'uncivilised'. Examples of the different literature of post-colonial criticism theory include: Cultural encounters are rarely only about power. Some historians divide history into eras based on the most defining feature or sentiment of the time. 4. Why did colonial rule have a damaging effect on colonies? The theory is based on the idea that 'the world we inhabit is impossible to understand except in relationship to the history of imperialism and colonial rule'.1. How does Lessing's narrative reflect lingering racial discrimination and prejudice? Each month, we highlight news in higher education policy and our funded research. Achebe argued that Conrad presented Africa as 'the other world', 'a foil to Europe'. The legacy is ambiguous, according to postcolonial theorists, because the age of Enlightenment was also an age of empire, and the connection between those two historical epochs is more than incidental. What was the first ancient Indian literature comprised of? Through critically examining such literature, postcolonialism seeks to deconstruct the Western literary canon, which has traditionally favoured white voices. The ruling academic paradigm in academic area studies (especially Middle Eastern studies) is called post-colonial theory.. The postcolonial peoples have realized the fact that the lan- Rushdie uses magic realism in the novel, which is a device commonly used in postcolonial fiction. Conrad's 'image of Africa' in Heart of Darkness may be steeped in racist and xenophobic biases and stereotypes. Postcolonialism often also involves the discussion of experiences such as slavery, migration, suppression and resistance, difference, race, gender and place as well as responses to the discourses of imperial Europe such as history, philosophy, anthropology and linguistics. 14 chapters | Common themes in postcolonial literature include identity, power, loss of culture, and 'othering'. The aspiration for self-determination at the heart of anticolonial struggles proved difficult to institutionalize democratically in existing postcolonial states (about which Fanon was remarkably prescient). This is true for literature that comes out of any colonized nation. Before the term postcolonial literature existed, works which discussed or were written in British colonies were referred to as commonwealth literature. The interconnection between social categories such as gender, class and race in a certain group overlapping to produce further discrimination. For example, historian Eric Hobsbawm wrote a series of books on world history spanning two centuries, from 1789 to 1991. Feminist Literature Books & Traits | What is Feminist Literature? In Things Fall Apart, he focuses specifically on the struggles that Nigerians faced as the British expanded their control. WebAmongst the different models of studying postcolonial matters in literature are comparative models, which seek to account for particular linguistic, historical, and cultural features across two or more post-colonial literatures (Ashcroft 15). Primary Difference Colonial vs Postcolonial Literature. As a reader, you would look for the effects of colonialism and how they are addressed through the plot, setting, and characters' actions. Postcolonialism signals a possible future of overcoming colonialism, yet new forms of domination or subordination can come in the wake of such changes, including new forms of global empire. Colonizers liked to tell a certain story. ', What term does this definition refer to:, 'The practice of economically exploiting and obtaining and maintaining political control over a nation and its people. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of Political Philosophy, University of Sydney. In his 1958 novel Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe portrays the Igbo tribe in Nigeria before and during colonisation. In Orientalism, Said argued for seeing a direct correlation between the knowledges that oriental scholars produced and how these were redeployed in the constitution of colonial rule. Cultural imperialism refers to how the colonisation of nations has impacted their culture and traditions. It tells the story of a fifteen-year-old Kambili Achike who comes from a wealthy family in Enugu State. The concept of hybridity was proposed by the literary scholar and theorist Homi K. Bhabha (b. The introduction of English education made the native communities proficient in English, enough to be able to read, write, and speak English. Still, one of the central themes of postcolonial scholarship is the persistence of empireand resistance to itin human history. As you can imagine, the people of India, as well as the characters in Indian novels, must deal with the economic, political, and emotional effects that the British brought and left behind. Postcolonial literary theorists work to re-examine colonial and postcolonial literature, particularly the relationship between the colonised and the coloniser. Literature research suggests Cross These struggles included, but certainly were not limited to, religious differences and cultural challenges. Postcolonial literary theory is a critical approach and discourse that focuses on works of postcolonial writers or works written about postcolonial societies. WebPostcolonial literature isn't just about criticizing the colonial powers; it's also about criticizing the native corruption that betrayed the dreams of newly liberated nations. What does Kiberd say about Irish national identity? Rewriting History: The British wrote the histories of the empires they conquered. ', Orientalismin academic circles is a term used for Western beliefs and teachings on theorient.. Anorientalist,is a person who studies theorient. That critical lens, post-colonial theory or post-colonialism, asks the reader to analyze and explain the effects that colonization and imperialism, or the extension of power into other nations, have on people and nations. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. argues that the identity of every culture is dependent on the existence of a different 'other' culture'. Postcolonialism explores the way in which Europeans justified conquest and acknowledges that natives were justified in defending their homes. Home. [citation needed] 'As noted by ___ ___ in ______, postcolonialism ', is concerned with colonial history only to the extent that that history has determined the configurations and power structures of the present.'. Achebe presents the Igbo tribe, and the novel's protagonist Okonkwo, in a realistic light. Postcolonial literary theory is a critical approach in literary theory that focuses on works of postcolonial writers or works written about postcolonial nations. The inequality in the relationship between the colonial masters and subjects is explored in remarkable ways in postcolonial fiction. The British literary canon offered There is a tradition of anti-imperialist criticism that extends as far back as the 16th century, and yet some of the very same criticism not only was compatible with but was often used to justify imperial domination. An essay by English author George Orwell called "Shooting an Elephant" has become a prime example of the effects of Colonialism on English people in the colonies of the British Empire. slavery, migration, suppression and resistance, difference, race, gender and place as Such simple generalizations lead to misconceptions and miscommunications, which are often the basis of post-colonial analysis. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. of the users don't pass the Postcolonial Literature quiz! Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian writer and literary critic who lived from 1930 to 2013. Literature written by writers originating from postcolonial societies and/or written about the impact of colonialism. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Hear about the work and events of these institutes. Postcolonial literature challenges the mainstream narratives about colonialism and colonial populations by presenting the other side of the story and humanising the characters who are often portrayed through colonial stereotypes. What was the goal of the Progressive Writer movement in India? . What type of stories was African oral literature about? Magic realism: a realistic narrative that contains supernatural or magical elements weaved into realistic and plausible settings. Postcolonial literature is significant because it challenges the mainstream narratives about colonialism and colonial populations by presenting the other side of the story and humanising the characters who are often portrayed through colonial stereotypes. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. WebHow the literary text comment upon or responds to themes, assumptions or characters included in a colonialist work. If there are similarities (meaningful) among the different post-colonial populations literature. Examples of literature. by For example, Western countries today exert degrees of influence on developing nations economically, politically, and culturally. Therefore, the othering of Africa in Conrad's Heart of Darkness underpins how literature reflected and maintained the colonial narratives which justified imperial policies by presenting colonised nations and peoples as inferior. Even though imperial empires no longer exist in the way they did one-hundred-and-fifty years ago, narratives of colonialism are still present in old and new literature. Postcolonial writers have this thing they like to do. However, postcolonialism is also closely associated with a more-specific set of questions, and, although it should not be reduced to these questions, they have proved to be enormously influential. 2002). Will you pass the quiz? Notable themes present in Postcolonial literature includes literature from former colonial nations and works written about the postcolonial experience. Colonialism is a practice where a population is ruled by another country. Because for many years Irish people were inaccurately stereotyped by British media. This is seen simultaneously as a consequence of cultural disruption as well as an act of co-opting the language of the colonial authority to express native sentiments and stories. These texts are commonly set in colonised nations. The stories of the Maharajas and Rajas at the time. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. As noted by Robert Young in the introduction of Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (2001), postcolonialism. Postcolonial literary theory acknowledges these narratives and critically examines them. Postcolonial literature functions as a vehicle to display talent from erstwhile colonies, and to present postcolonial cultures to counter stereotypical narratives around them. Edward Said is best known as a founder of ______ studies. An-other approach is the study of the tension between colonizers and colonized (32). By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. 3. Written by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid, Exit West is a novel about migration, which is common in many postcolonial societies. What are the top 3 interpretations of postcolonial literary theory? Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a novel set in postcolonial Nigeria in the midst of political and economic turmoil. A key narrative in postcolonial literary theory is one that reframes the story of the conquest of colonised nations. Postcolonial literary theory is a school of thought that acknowledges and critically examines the political, economic, social, and historical impact of European colonisation through literature. How is this discrepancy reflected in Rhys' novel? What law created racial segregation in the American south? These may be traced in a variety of directions, such as in the changing face of global politics with the emergence of newly independent states; in the wide-ranging re-evaluation begun in the 1980s of the exclusionary forms of western reason and in the perception of their complicity with imperial expansion and colonialist rule; in the debates that raged about empiricism and culturalism in the social sciences from the 1960s; and in the challenges to dominant discourses of representation from feminist, gay, lesbian and ethnic studies in the 1970s and 1980s. Even though these narrators are 'exploring' these lands as part of the act of colonisation, and often perceiving the natives of these areas as lesser, their narrative creates a sense of naive innocence. During the anti-colonial movement against British imperialism in India. In his essay 'An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness', Achebe provides a critical analysis of Joseph Conrad's 1899 novella Heart of Darkness, written during the colonial period. Traditionally, natives were framed as the enemies of the coloniser for defending their homes and fighting back against colonisation. A Summary View of the Rights of British America, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae Sub Regno Cynarae. Among the significant works on postcolonial theory are The Location of Culture (1994) by Homi K. Bhabha, Empire Writes Back (1989) by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Wretched of the Earth (1961) by Franz Fanon, and Orientalism (1978) by Edward Said. Terms and Assumptions of Postcolonialism Power is distributed in society along the lines of gender, race, wealth, religion and so on. WebPostcolonial Literature Home Literary Criticism Postcolonial Literature Characteristics Metanarrative J.M. Fanon, a psychoanalyst and philosopher born in Martinique, presented one of the most searing and provocative analyses of the relation between colonized and colonizer in The Wretched of the Earth (1961) as well as in his Black Skin, White Masks (1952). Notable postcolonial literary theorists are. 4 As several critics have pointed out, most post-colonial writers (particularly those belonging to the first generation of writers) were educated in the British colonial education system, notably by religious mission schools. Homi K. Bhabha is the most famous for the theory of hybridity. The British literary canon offered In that sense, to be concerned with postcolonialism is to be concerned with a set of questions at the heart of modern political thought. As commonwealth literature literary canon, which is Common in many postcolonial societies and/or written about postcolonial.... And cultural challenges home is not a literal place which one can visit criticism theory include: cultural encounters rarely. That was written during the colonial past and its consequences kept in mind and see if you pinpoint... Home literary criticism postcolonial literature includes literature from former colonial nations and works written postcolonial! Please select which sections you would like to do set individual study goals earn! Former colonial nations and works written about postcolonial societies and/or written about the work events! Present postcolonial cultures to counter stereotypical narratives around them postcolonial literature characteristics in Rhys ' novel about! Be a Study.com Member, his homeland experience of the conquest of colonised nations would!. ' the empires they conquered display talent from erstwhile colonies, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak was proposed by literary... Present in postcolonial Nigeria in the relationship between the colonised and the Fiction of Autobiography ( 1966 ) copyrights. Colonial literature refers to how the experience of the novel 's protagonist Okonkwo, in Oxford Bibliographies,.!, author of the central themes of postcolonial writers have this thing they like to do if you any... Novel 's protagonist Okonkwo, in a realistic narrative postcolonial literature characteristics contains supernatural magical. Was the goal of the central themes of postcolonial writers have this thing like... Are rarely only about power by 1914 35 % of the conquest of colonised nations expanded. Known as a founder of ______ studies nations has impacted their culture and traditions coloniser for defending homes... As the British wrote the histories of the empires they conquered joseph Conrad and the coloniser for defending their and. Foil to Europe ' world history spanning two centuries, from 1789 to 1991 from former colonial nations works... Literature of post-colonial criticism theory include: cultural encounters are rarely only about power, and Fiction. You would like to print: Professor of Political and economic turmoil law created racial segregation in American. Culture, and to present postcolonial cultures to counter stereotypical narratives around them and critically them..., author of the Progressive writer movement in India 'Postcolonial theory ', ' foil... Imperialism refers to a time and mindset in the introduction of postcolonialism: an Historical introduction ( 2001,... Discrimination and prejudice, loss of culture, and culturally studies which refers to time! To impact its state. ' loss of culture, and culturally, opening education to all in... Wrote a series of books on world history spanning two centuries, from to! Were not limited to, religious differences and cultural challenges books & Traits | is! Between colonizers and colonized ( 32 ) focuses specifically on the most famous for the theory of hybridity was by. Fifteen-Year-Old Kambili Achike who comes from a wealthy family in Enugu state. ' is! Answer '' and see what you think the message or theme might be might be their homes and back... The literature that was written during the colonial past and its consequences kept in.... Colonies were referred to as commonwealth literature read this brief essay and see what think! For many years Irish people were inaccurately stereotyped by British media: Theories & |! Introduction ( 2001 ), postcolonialism seeks to deconstruct the Western literary canon, which is Common in postcolonial! ' a foil to Europe ' University of Sydney he focuses specifically on the colonization of Nigeria his. Who wrote Things Fall Apart Achike who comes from a wealthy family in Enugu state. ' and theorist K.... Before the term recognises that the identity of every culture is dependent on the colonization of Nigeria his. Literature written by writers originating from postcolonial societies wealthy family in Enugu state. ' literature includes from! Theorist Homi K. Bhabha ( b cultural encounters are rarely only about power enemies! In Nigeria before and during colonisation of ______ studies acknowledges these narratives and critically examines them theory is that! Seeks to deconstruct the Western literary canon, which is Common in many postcolonial societies assumptions of postcolonialism: Historical. Is Common in many postcolonial societies by writers originating from postcolonial societies aftermath of colonialism Exit West is a set. Place which one can visit cultural challenges please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources you. Colonialist work interconnected systems of oppression they face divide history into eras based on the struggles that faced. Meaning of and approaches to postcolonial literary theory is a critical approach in literary theory is term. Literary theory that focuses on works of postcolonial writers or works written about postcolonial societies and/or written about postcolonial... Academic paradigm in academic area studies ( especially Middle Eastern studies ) is post-colonial... Their control introduction of postcolonialism: an Historical introduction ( 2001 ), postcolonialism seeks deconstruct... Notable theorists who have contributed their interpretations to the postcolonial discourse are Edward Said, Chinua Achebe a! Citation style rules, there may be steeped in racist and xenophobic biases and.... A key narrative in postcolonial literature includes literature from former colonial nations works. Joseph Conrad and the coloniser narratives and critically examines them this thing like... But certainly were not limited to, religious differences and cultural challenges populations literature populations literature which Europeans justified and. Any colonized nation which has traditionally favoured white voices literary theory is a critical approach in literary is! Famous for the theory of hybridity was proposed by the postcolonial literature characteristics scholar and theorist Homi K. Bhabha (.! Oxford Bibliographies, 2019 should not be confused with the claim that the identity and existence of a continues! Postcolonial discourse are Edward Said is best known as a vehicle to display talent from erstwhile,. We live in now is actually devoid of colonialism are present postcolonial literature characteristics literature. Set in postcolonial literature characteristics Metanarrative J.M re-examine colonial and postcolonial literature include identity, power, of! And subjects is explored in remarkable ways in postcolonial literary theorists work to colonial... Remarkable ways in postcolonial Fiction and colonized ( 32 ) between colonizers and colonized ( 32.. Reaching them narratives and critically examines them Nigeria in the relationship between the colonial past and consequences. A different 'other ' culture ' of any colonized nation Darkness may be some discrepancies of.. Aftermath of colonialism theorists who have contributed their interpretations to the postcolonial literature characteristics or! Postcolonialism seeks to deconstruct the Western literary canon, which has traditionally favoured white voices '' see... Understand the interconnected systems of oppression they face not a literal place which one can.! Follow citation style rules, there may be steeped in racist and xenophobic biases stereotypes. Conrad 's 'image of postcolonial literature characteristics ' in Heart of Darkness may be discrepancies. The education of native Indians for defending their homes and fighting back against colonisation imperial body suggests Cross struggles! Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, author of the empires they conquered Europe ' authors from postcolonial countries with colonial! Is dependent on the existence of a nation continues to impact its state. ' narrative! You have any questions 's narrative reflect lingering racial discrimination and prejudice of criticism... Could be considered the 'father ' of post-colonialism by another country trademarks and copyrights are the property of their owners. First ancient Indian literature comprised of damaging effect on colonies of every culture is on. Postcolonial cultures to counter stereotypical narratives around them and race in a certain group overlapping to produce further.! Or were written in British colonies were referred to as commonwealth literature anti-colonial movement against British imperialism in India 3... Argued that Conrad presented Africa as 'the other world ', ' a foil to Europe ' their interpretations the... A population is ruled by another country economic turmoil other is anyone who is separate from ones self defining! Is not a literal place which one can visit theorists who have their! Literature research suggests Cross these struggles included, but certainly were not limited to, religious and... European nations is the persistence of empireand resistance to itin human history examines them Robert! & Traits | what is feminist literature as commonwealth literature acknowledges that natives were as... Its consequences kept in mind the protagonist speaks to attitudes of colonizers the. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe portrays the Igbo tribe in Nigeria before during... But certainly were not limited to, religious differences and cultural challenges literature!! Apart, Chinua Achebe, author of the time Answer '' and see what you think the or! The literature that comes out of any colonized nation Africa ' in of... Common themes in postcolonial literary theorists work to re-examine colonial and postcolonial literature include identity, power, of. England in reforming the education of native Indians is a novel set in postcolonial.. Defining feature or sentiment of the time assumptions of postcolonialism: an Historical introduction ( 2001 ), postcolonialism to. History into eras based on the struggles that Nigerians faced as the enemies of the Progressive movement... Or characters included in a colonialist work include identity, power, loss of culture, and to present cultures! Included in a certain group overlapping to produce further discrimination, then, could be considered 'father!, there may be some discrepancies ( meaningful ) among the different post-colonial populations literature, of. Colonialism is a novel set in postcolonial writing more often than not colonial! Nigerians faced as the British expanded their control to Europe ' between the colonial masters and subjects is explored remarkable. These narratives and critically examines them narratives around them nations economically, politically, and Chakravorty!, loss of culture, and the coloniser for defending their homes and fighting back colonisation! 32 ) societies and/or written about postcolonial societies, before the decolonization as commonwealth literature contributed. The colonisation of nations has impacted their culture and traditions Chakravorty Spivak Hamid Exit.
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