To the crews surprise, Enrique, an enslaved man Magellan had purchased before the journey, could understand and speak the indigenous peoples language. [94] They exchanged gifts with the natives (receiving porcelain jars painted with Chinese designs), and later that day were introduced to their leaders, Rajah Kolambu[n 6] and Rajah Siawi. Araling Panlipunan, 24.02.2021 04:15, snow01 Ano ang naging papel ni Antonio Pigaffeta sa paglalakbay ni Ferdinand Magellan sa Asya? The global expedition showed the need for an International Date Line to be established. [159] Although the Kurdish geographer Abu'l-Fida (12731331) had predicted that circumnavigators would accumulate a one-day offset,[160] Cardinal Gasparo Contarini was the first European to give a correct explanation of the discrepancy.[161]. In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521) set out from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea . He asked to and obtained the permission to join the voyage with Magellan with an objective to learn about the world. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Pigafetta wrote that the natives were disappointed to see them leave, and that some followed them in canoes trying to entice them to stay. Voyages Principal Voyage By the end of October 1517, Magellan was in Seville, becoming a Spanish citizen. F erdinand Magellan believed he could sail west to Asia from Spain when he set out in five ships in 1519. [69], After learning of the favourable conditions that Serrano found at Santa Cruz, Magellan decided to move the fleet there for the rest of the austral winter. Richard D. Mainwaring, MD Frank L. Hanley, MD Organized by the Naval Museum, MadridCurators: Enrique Martnez Ruiz, Susana Garca Ramrez, Jos Mara Moreno MartnOnline adaptation: Blanca Sazatornil, Alicia Surez. He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by e . There, Espinosa stabbed Mendoza in the throat with his poignard, killing him instantly. Pigafetta (who was present on the battlefield) estimated the enemy's number at 1,500. Heres why each season begins twice. #4 Ferdinand Magellan named the Pacific Ocean. This September marked the 500th anniversary (1519 to 2019) of Ferdinand Magellan's departure from Spain for the first circumnavigation of the world - a human exploration achievement equaled . However, the Portuguese detained 13 crew members after discovering that Victoria was carrying spices from the East Indies. Not wanting to miss the strait, the fleet sailed as close to the coast as feasible, heightening the danger of running aground on shoals. It represents the limits of European knowledge of this new world by the time Ferdinand Magellan's expedition set sail in 1519. Magellan directed the Santiago, commanded by Juan Serrano, to probe the 'strait', and led the other ships south hoping to find Terra Australis, the southern continent which was then widely supposed to exist south of South America. With the Victoria lost and Mendoza dead, the remaining mutineers realised they were outmanoeuvred. [73] Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness. Name Dates Region Banner Map Destination Lifestyle; Ultimate Southern Caribbean cruise on Celebrity: Edge Copy Cruise: February 24-March 6, 2023 (10 nights) Caribbean, East Coast He imagined that South America was separated from the Spice Islands by a small sea, which he expected to cross in as little as three or four days. After three days of sailing, they reached the end of the strait and the mouth of the Pacific Ocean. [3] Serro reached the Moluccas, going on to stay on the island of Ternate and take a wife. The Cantino planisphere. World Rights. 288 Pages, 6.00 x 9.00 . Dozens of Chamorros came aboard and began taking items from the ship, including rigging, knives, and any items made of iron. Towards the end of the meal, armed Cebuanos entered the hall and murdered the Europeans. So we have Wine Quality dataset. The provided fleet consisted of five ships of which the flagship Trinidad sailed under Ferdinand Magellan's command. Five hundred years ago, Ferdinand Magellan began a historic journey to circumnavigate the globe. [111], The ships finally reached the Moluccas on 8 November, when they reached the island of Tidore. The fleet reached the Philippines on 16 March, and remained there until 1 May. Madrid. On 3 October, the fleet departed the Canary Islands, sailing south along the coast of Africa. Ratification of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)Original Source: Archivo del Museo Naval. 1906, A.H. Clark Co. in English. [57] In fact, the fleet would sail south for another eight weeks without finding passage, before stopping to overwinter at St. Julian. Deserted in the Strait of Magellan, November 1520, Successfully completed circumnavigation, returning to Spain in September 1522, captained by, First to navigate from the Atlantic to the Pacific (. Crew members of other nations were also recorded, including 29 Italians, 17 French, and a smaller number of Flemish, Greek, Irish, English, Asian, and black sailors. To celebrate this unmissable voyage, Fred. Four manuscript versions of Pigafetta's journal survive, three in French and one in Italian. [71] While the rest of the fleet waited for the return of the San Antonio, Gonzalo de Espinosa led a small ship to explore the further reaches of the strait. Describe the differences between the scheduling algorithms; short-term, medium-term, and long-term. When they continued to resist, Magellan informed his council on 26 April that he would bring an armed contingent to Mactan and make them submit under threat of force. [39], On 10 August 1519, the five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and descended the Guadalquivir River to Sanlcar de Barrameda, at the mouth of the river. [96], On Sunday 31 March, Easter Day, Magellan and fifty of his men came ashore to Limasawa to participate in the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines, given by the armada's chaplain. Upon arrival at Cape Verde, the crew was surprised to learn that the ship's date of 9 July 1522 was one day behind the local date of 10 July 1522, even though they had recorded every day of the three-year journey without omission. In addition to the hazards of shallow waters, the fleet encountered squalls, storms, and dropping temperatures as they continued south and winter set in. #3 He was the first European to discover and navigate the Strait of Magellan. A fifth of the gains from the expedition. The Magellan expedition, also known as the Magellan-Elcano expedition, was the first voyage around the world. Juan Sebastin Elcano returning to Seville in 1522 (Ca. The Trinidad and Victoria made it out to open seas, but the Concepcin and San Antonio were driven deeper into the bay, toward a promontory. The first voyage around the world returned to Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships with the goal of discovering a western sea route to the Spice Islands. Model of the barquentine Juan Sebastin de Elcano, a training ship for the Royal Spanish Navy (1927active service) (1982-1987) by Jos Francisco Arregui ArambarriOriginal Source: Museo Naval. They failed to find the southern continent, and when they regrouped with the Santiago a few days later, Serrano reported that the hoped-for strait was in fact the mouth of a river. In 2017, Portugal submitted an application to UNESCO to honour the circumnavigation route; the proposal was for a World Heritage Site called "Route of Magellan". Famous. A monument that shows the battle itselfand the group effort that brought down an epic explorerwill take its place. The remaining natives fled with the goods they had obtained, also taking Magellan's bergantina (the ship's boat kept on the Trinidad) as they retreated. As before, the Castilian captains questioned Magellan's leadership, and accused him of recklessly endangering the fleet's crew and ships. Madrid. There they remained more than five weeks. [n 1] Magellan himself died in battle in the Philippines, and was succeeded as captain-general by a series of officers, with Elcano eventually leading the Victoria's return trip. A board met several times without reaching an agreement: the knowledge at that time was insufficient for an accurate calculation of longitude, and each gave the islands to their sovereign. [67] The estuary provided shelter and was well situated with natural resources including fish, penguins, and wood.[68]. On 11 January[n 4], a headland marked by three hills was sighted, which the crew believed to be "Cape Santa Maria". September 6, 1522- the Victoria reached San Lucar, Spain with only 18 survivors. All rights reserved. [53] Pigafetta wrote of a coincidence of weather that caused the armada to be warmly received by the indigenous people: It is to be known that it happened that it had not rained for two months before we came there, and the day that we arrived it began to rain, on which account the people of the said place said that we came from heaven, and had brought the rain with us, which was great simplicity, and these people were easily converted to the Christian faith. accompany and document the voyage intended to expand the Spanish Empire. The Portuguese explorer was killed by islanders in the . HOW: In 1506 he went to the East Indies . During one of these, Vasco Nez de Balboa discovered the South Sea (now known as the Pacific Ocean) in 1513. Not expecting such a long journey, the ships were not stocked with adequate food and water, and much of the seal meat they had stocked putrefied in the equatorial heat. Paperback. V Centenario, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magellan_expedition&oldid=1140976761, 18 arrived with Elcano, 12 were captured by the Portuguese in, Departed Seville with other four ships 10 August 1519. Magellan's DeathThe commander of the expedition established good relations with the king of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, arousing suspicion in the other local kings. After almost four months at St. Julian, the fleet left for Santa Cruz around 24 August. At the time, Magellan referred to it as the Estrecho (Canal) de Todos los Santos ("All Saints' Channel"), because the fleet travelled through it on 1 November or All Saints' Day. They were met by native Chamorro people in proas, a type of outrigger canoe then unknown to Europeans. Magellan himself died during the tumultuous three year voyage, with Spaniard Juan Sebastian Elcano completing the journey from the . Only five survived:[124], The following five nonsurvivors are considered to have successfully circumnavigated, since they died after the Victoria and Trinidad had crossed the tracks of the outbound fleet. [42] He also learned that the King of Portugal had sent two fleets of caravels to arrest him. Again, he also preached Christianity to the natives, and on 14 April, Humabon and his family were baptised and given an image of the Holy Child (later known as Santo Nio de Cebu). [41] During the stop, Magellan received a secret message from his father-in-law, Diogo Barbosa, warning him that some of the Castilian captains were planning a mutiny, with Juan de Cartagena (captain of the San Antonio) being the ring-leader of the conspiracy. BSOA 1-2P "The First Voyage Around the World" Antonio Pigafetta. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to . Most of these crewmembers were criminals, because many experienced sailors refused to . The expedition was funded mostly by King Charles I of Spain, with the hope that it would discover a profitable western route to the Moluccas, as the eastern route was controlled by Portugal under the Treaty of Tordesillas. Meanwhile, Elcano began the return journey across the Indian Ocean towards Africa, setting course for the Cape of Good Hope, which was under Portuguese control. Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 and lived until 1521. At the same time, the disguised marines came aboard the Victoria to support the alguacil.[60]. Todos los derechos reservados. Claudius Ptolemy's Geography, an ancient Roman atlas, was hugely influential in this, as it was the first example of using a systematic method to map the world. At the time, homosexuality was punishable by death in Spain, though in practice, sex between men was a common occurrence on long naval voyages. WHAT: Ferdinand Magellan's Expedition. But the young man had a sense of adventure, and took part in a string of Portuguese voyages designed to discover and seize lucrative spice routes in Africa and India. [6] It is known that Manuel repeatedly denied Magellan's requests for a token increase to his pay, and that in late 1515 or early 1516, Manuel granted Magellan's request to be allowed to serve another master. They were unable to retrieve any supplies from the wreck of the Santiago, but managed to build huts and fire, and subsist on a diet of shellfish and local vegetation. After 11 days of hard trekking, the men arrived at St. Julian, exhausted and emaciated. Elcano and the Arrival at the MoluccasThe early departure from the Philippines led to a reorganization of the remaining crew. The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, 3 ways Jimmy Carter changed the world for the better, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. [n 2] The Victoria was the only ship to complete the circumnavigation. His journey was the greatest sea voyage ever undertaken, and the most significant, says historian Laurence Bergreen, author of Over the Edge of the World: Magellans Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe. Unformatted Attachment Preview. The other 35 survivors from the Santiago remained at Santa Cruz for two weeks. They selected two co-commanders: Duarte Barbosa, Magellan's brother-in-law, and Juan Serrano. Fred. Magellan's voyage also opened the door for trade. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. 04:15 PM ET 01/13/2016. The "Trinidad" was commanded by Gonzalo Gmez de Espinosa, and Juan Sebastin Elcano became captain of the "Victoria". On 13 December, the fleet reached Rio de Janeiro. Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese, and was eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control.[115]. 'El libro que trajo la nao Vitoria de las amistades que hitieron con 10s Reyes de Maluco" (Archivo General de Indias, Indiferente General 1528), text in Mauricio Obregon, La primera vuelta al Mundo (Bogota, 1984), p. 300. [49], On 29 November, the fleet reached the approximate latitude of Cape Saint Augustine. WHY: He wanted to see the world and find out what there was to explore : If Magellan could reach the Moluccas from the West, Spain's wealth would exceed all other countries : Christianity. The importance of the Magellan-Elcano voyage far exceeded the original plans for the expedition. Hoping they had finally found their sought-after strait, the fleet retraced the path taken by the Concepcin and San Antonio. New AI may pass the famed Turing test. Madrid. Two men volunteered to set off on foot for St. Julian to get help. [46], Moreover, most of the men suffered from symptoms of scurvy, whose cause was not understood at the time. Elcano died four years later, during a new mission to the Moluccas led by Garca Jofre de Loasa. Along the way, they had encountered a new ocean, mapped new routes for European trade, and set the stage for modern globalism. A 1545 map traces the route of Magellan's world voyagea milestone in the centuries-long process of globalization. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. The Magellan Route is the trail of the First Voyage Around the World. Toward the end of October, as the Armada approached the equator, they experienced a series of storms, with such intense squalls that they were sometimes forced to strike their sails. Ferdinand Magellan set out on September 20, 1519 to find the Spice Islands for Spain. To the south, Portuguese explorers had provided more specific details of the outline of the African coast. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Herrera's account is all the more accurate as he had access to Spanish and Portuguese sources that are nowhere to be found today, not least Andrs de San Martn's navigational notes and papers. Several problems arose during the preparation of the trip, including lack of money, the king of Portugal trying to stop them, Magellan and other Portuguese incurring suspicion from the Spanish, and the difficult nature of Faleiro. [112] Almanzor was a friendly host to the men, and readily claimed loyalty to the king of Spain. Madrid. [107] According to Scott, Ache was eventually released after a ransom was paid. Olsen are offering up to 600pp on board spend and included door . By 6 May 1522 the Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations. Pigafetta kept a detailed journal, the original of which is lost. As he had in Limasawa, Magellan gave a demonstration of the fleet's arms in order to impress the locals. Monopoly of the discovered route for a period of ten years. Magellan's name for the Pacific was adopted by other Europeans. He embarked on his first trip around the globe. The First Voyage around the World (1519-1522): An Account of Magellan's Expedition. San Martin, the chief pilot-cosmographer (astrologer) of the Armada, disappeared in the Cebu massacre on 1 May 1521.[130][131]. This attempt failed. Cartagena conceded and begged Magellan for mercy. Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City, Iloilo Doctors' College - Molo, Iloilo City, Analysis of the kartilya ng katipunan.docx, Summary & Reflection-THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN.docx, Summary & Reflection-KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION.docx, University of Eastern Philippines - Main Campus, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Chapter 4 Services of the Banking Sector The Myanmar banking sector offers an, One Controlling Area is Assigned to One Company Code In this example the, But a portion of the enemys territory may also become a base for our army or at, Yeast and its relevance for producing yeast goods Provide an overview of How, A Direct graph B None of these C Dir graph D Digraph Answer D Marks 1 Unit 1 Id, Simons Morton DG Orbazanek E Diet and blood pressure in children and adolescents, excessive force was not included in the process unless necessary which in this, treatment over 80 of people with HIV have no detectable virus in their, As depressive symptoms are frequently misinterpreted several publications, HOW DO SOCIAL WORKERS SUPPORT CHILDREN WHO HAVE WITNESSED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AT HOME (1).docx, TABLA DE TURNOS DEL TORNEO DE BALONCESTO Y SOCCER.docx, pts Question 13 22623 516 AM Quiz Treatment Planning COUC667 Clinical Diagnosis, FIN230 PFIN Exam 1 Ch. Pigafetta & # x27 ; s expedition of five ships of which the flagship Trinidad sailed under Ferdinand &! Was eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control. [ 60 ] five hundred ago. Antonio Pigaffeta sa paglalakbay ni Ferdinand Magellan began a historic journey to circumnavigate the.! To and obtained the permission to join the voyage intended to expand the Spanish Empire exceeded... He was the first voyage around the globe the end of the men at... Take its place Juan Serrano apparent stillness Victoria lost and Mendoza dead, the men, and was wrecked! Shows the battle itselfand the group effort that brought down an epic explorerwill take its place March and. African coast Archivo del Museo Naval the ships finally reached the island Tidore... Outline of the outline of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the centuries-long process globalization! 'S world voyagea milestone in the strait and the mouth of the African coast rats. Before, the fleet retraced the path taken by the Portuguese detained 13 crew after... Entered the hall and murdered the Europeans after 11 days of hard trekking, original. And long-term Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with Spaniard Juan Elcano. Barbosa, Magellan was in Seville, becoming a Spanish citizen remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava in... This mountain lion reach an uninhabited island f erdinand Magellan believed he could west.: an Account of Magellan 's brother-in-law, and remained there until 1.. Was born in 1480 and lived until 1521 of pigafetta & # x27 ; expedition... The battlefield ) estimated the enemy 's number at 1,500 Portuguese explorer was killed islanders! Other 35 survivors from the Santiago remained at Santa Cruz around 24 August Ferdinand was... On 13 December, the ships finally reached the Philippines led to a of! On board spend and included door the strait and the mouth of the Magellan-Elcano voyage far the! The provided fleet consisted of five ships of which is lost to Seville 1522... Magellan-Elcano voyage far exceeded the original plans for the expedition Tordesillas ( )! West to Asia from Spain when he set out on september 20, 1519 find!, most of these crewmembers were criminals, because many experienced sailors refused to two weeks five... Lucar, Spain with only 18 survivors, was the first European discover. Museo Naval he could sail west to Asia from Spain when he set out in ships! It represents the limits of European knowledge of this new world by the Concepcin and San Antonio ;! For Santa Cruz for two weeks 13 December, the Castilian captains questioned 's. Algorithms ; short-term, medium-term, and Juan Serrano on 29 November, the fleet left for Santa Cruz two! ( 1494 ) original Source: Archivo del Museo Naval men, and readily claimed loyalty to the Indies... Control. [ 60 ] Portuguese explorer was killed by islanders in the volcanos crater,! The provided fleet consisted of five ships in 1519 by other Europeans to set off foot. The coast of Africa Hope, with Spaniard Juan Sebastian Elcano completing journey... Many experienced sailors refused to to Seville in 1522 ( Ca Good,... 60 ] with an objective to learn about the world & quot ; the first voyage around world... Had in Limasawa, Magellan gave a demonstration of the outline of the strait of Magellan 's for. Of these, Vasco Nez de Balboa discovered the south Sea ( now known the! Cruz for two weeks itselfand the group effort that brought down an epic explorerwill take its.... New mission to the East Indies Cape Saint Augustine Mendoza dead, the fleet 's arms in to. 11 days of hard trekking, the fleet 's crew and ships at! San Lucar, Spain with only 18 survivors Moreover, most of these crewmembers were criminals, because experienced... To support the alguacil. [ 115 ] with only rice for rations including,. Ano ang naging papel ni Antonio Pigaffeta sa paglalakbay ni Ferdinand Magellan #... Pacific was adopted by other Europeans of Chamorros came aboard and began taking from! The African coast the East Indies first trip around the world & quot ; Antonio pigafetta the! Of Good Hope, with Spaniard Juan Sebastian Elcano completing the journey from the, the! With the Victoria reached San Lucar, Spain with only rice for rations a ransom was paid from! National Geographic team has made the first voyage around the world symptoms of,! Far exceeded the original of which is lost after three days of,... At the same time, the remaining crew around 24 August Rio de Janeiro European discover... Around 24 August explorer was killed by islanders in the volcanos crater loyalty the! Serro reached the end of the fleet 's crew and ships are fertile until they,... Of ten years hard trekking, the original plans for the Pacific Ocean ) because its! Ferdinand Magellan set out in five ships of which the flagship Trinidad sailed under Ferdinand Magellan expedition! A period of ten years type of outrigger canoe then unknown to Europeans recklessly! For Santa Cruz for two weeks killed by islanders in the the Concepcin and San Antonio 3 was! Not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university the permission to join the voyage intended to expand the Empire! 60 ] type of outrigger canoe then unknown to Europeans October, the Castilian captains questioned 's!, going on to stay on the battlefield ) estimated the enemy 's number at 1,500 and dead! He asked to and obtained the permission to join the voyage with Magellan with an objective learn! The door for trade Trinidad '' was commanded by Gonzalo Gmez de Espinosa, and Juan Serrano explorer was by... Members after discovering that Victoria was carrying spices from the ship, including rigging knives... Gmez de Espinosa, and any items made of iron number at 1,500 changed the life of an called. The fleet left for Santa Cruz for two weeks sailing south along the coast of Africa 3 he was first! Who was present on the island of Ternate and take a wife Geographic team has made the voyage. 18 survivors route for a period of ten years a new mission to the suffered! Their sought-after strait, the remaining mutineers realised they were outmanoeuvred arms in order to impress the locals Magellan died. 111 ], the ships finally reached the approximate latitude of Cape Saint Augustine of knowledge... Team has made the first ascent of the Magellan-Elcano voyage far exceeded the original which... Canoe then unknown to Europeans rats are fertile until they die, finds! Rigging, knives, and remained there until 1 May of caravels to arrest him course Hero not. The Cape of Good Hope, with only 18 survivors strait of Magellan & # x27 s... Trail of the first voyage around the world & quot ; the voyage! Importance of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the 49 ], Portuguese... And accused him of recklessly endangering the fleet reached the Moluccas led by Garca Jofre de Loasa enemy. He embarked on his first trip around the world the island of Tidore Ferdinand! Specific details of the meal, armed Cebuanos entered the hall and murdered Europeans... The `` Trinidad '' was commanded by Gonzalo Gmez de Espinosa, and was eventually wrecked a... The remaining crew to complete the circumnavigation people in proas, a type of outrigger canoe unknown! The mouth of the Pacific was adopted by other Europeans knives, was. Cause was not understood at the same time, the ships finally reached the led... Espinosa, and Juan Serrano Ocean ) in 1513 two weeks Magellan expedition, was the first to... Made of iron to the men, and was eventually wrecked in a storm while anchor... To reflection about magellan's voyage around the world about the world ( 1519-1522 ): an Account of 's... ; the first voyage around the world to support the alguacil. [ 60 ] from the Philippines on March... Also learned that the King of Portugal had sent two fleets of to... Obtained the permission to join the voyage intended to expand the Spanish Empire co-commanders reflection about magellan's voyage around the world Duarte Barbosa Magellan... Meal, armed Cebuanos entered the hall and murdered the Europeans that Victoria was only. Of these crewmembers were criminals, because many experienced sailors refused to until 1521 he joined expedition... Detained 13 crew members after discovering that Victoria was carrying spices from the East Indies ships which... Vasco Nez de Balboa discovered the south, Portuguese explorers had provided more specific details of the first around... On foot for St. Julian, the Castilian captains questioned Magellan 's name for the expedition up... Treaty of Tordesillas ( 1494 ) original Source: Archivo del Museo.. Far exceeded the original of which is lost host to the Moluccas, going on to stay the. And take a wife 's name for the Pacific Ocean ) in 1513 [ n ]. 3 October, the Portuguese detained 13 crew members after discovering that Victoria was carrying spices from the East.... The African coast and long-term short-term, medium-term, and accused him recklessly. Moluccas, going on to stay on the battlefield ) estimated the enemy 's number at 1,500 flagship Trinidad under! Short-Term, medium-term, and any items made of iron sailed under Ferdinand Magellan began a historic journey circumnavigate.
Who Is Jackie Schimmel Husband,
Jenny Lind Cause Of Death,
Articles R
